12.2 Variables that Never Change

In Emacs Lisp, certain symbols normally evaluate to themselves. These include nil and t, as well as any symbol whose name starts with ‘:’ (these are called keywords). These symbols cannot be rebound, nor can their values be changed. Any attempt to set or bind nil or t signals a setting-constant error. The same is true for a keyword (a symbol whose name starts with ‘:’), if it is interned in the standard obarray, except that setting such a symbol to itself is not an error.

nil ≡ 'nil
     ⇒ nil

(setq nil 500)
error→ Attempt to set constant symbol: nil

function keywordp object

function returns t if object is a symbol whose name starts with ‘:’, interned in the standard obarray, and returns nil otherwise.

These constants are fundamentally different from the constants defined using the defconst special form (see Defining Variables). A defconst form serves to inform human readers that you do not intend to change the value of a variable, but Emacs does not raise an error if you actually change it.

A small number of additional symbols are made read-only for various practical reasons. These include enable-multibyte-characters, most-positive-fixnum, most-negative-fixnum, and a few others. Any attempt to set or bind these also signals a setting-constant error.