11 Control Structures

A Lisp program consists of a set of expressions, or forms (see Forms). We control the order of execution of these forms by enclosing them in control structures. Control structures are special forms which control when, whether, or how many times to execute the forms they contain.

The simplest order of execution is sequential execution: first form a, then form b, and so on. This is what happens when you write several forms in succession in the body of a function, or at top level in a file of Lisp code—the forms are executed in the order written. We call this textual order. For example, if a function body consists of two forms a and b, evaluation of the function evaluates first a and then b. The result of evaluating b becomes the value of the function.

Explicit control structures make possible an order of execution other than sequential.

Emacs Lisp provides several kinds of control structure, including other varieties of sequencing, conditionals, iteration, and (controlled) jumps—all discussed below. The built-in control structures are special forms since their subforms are not necessarily evaluated or not evaluated sequentially. You can use macros to define your own control structure constructs (see Macros).

• Sequencing		Evaluation in textual order.
• Conditionals		if, cond, when, unless.
• Combining Conditions		and, or, not, and friends.
• Pattern-Matching Conditional		How to use pcase and friends.
• Iteration		while loops.
• Generators		Generic sequences and coroutines.
• Nonlocal Exits		Jumping out of a sequence.